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<h4 style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">Chapter 12 &ndash; Advanced Python 1</h4>
<h5>Exception Handling in Python</h5>
There are many built-in exceptions that are raised in Python when something goes wrong.
Exceptions in Python can be handled using a try statement. The code that handles the exception is written in except clause.
<pre class="language-python"><code>'''
try:
	#code		#Code that might throw an exception
except Exception as e:
	print(e)
'''
</code></pre>
When the exception is handled, the code flow continues without program interruption.
We can also specify the exceptions to catch like below:
<pre class="language-python"><code>'''
try:
	#code
except ZeroDivisionError:
	#code
except TypeError:
	#code
except:	
	#code 	(All other exceptions are handled here)
'''</code></pre>
&lt;|AD|&gt;
Raising Exceptions
We can raise custom exceptions using the raise keyword in python.
try with else clause
Sometimes we want to run a piece of code when try was successful.
<pre class="language-python"><code>'''
try:
	#some code
except:
#some code
else:
	#Code	(This is executed only if the try was successful)
'''</code></pre>
try with finally
Python offers a finally clause which ensures execution of a piece of code irrespective of the exception.
<pre class="language-python"><code>'''
try:
	#some code
except:
	#some code
finally:
	#some code		(executed regardless of error!)
'''</code></pre>
<h5>if __name__==&rsquo;__main__&rsquo; in Python</h5>
__name__ evaluates to the name of the module in Python from where the program is ran.
If the module is being run directly from the command line, the __name__ is set to string &ldquo;__main__&rdquo;.
Thus this behavior is used to check whether the module is run directly or imported to another file.
&lt;|AD|&gt;
The global keyword
global keyword is used to modify the variable outside of the current scope.
enumerate function in Python
The enumerate function adds counter to an iterable and returns it.
<pre class="language-python"><code>for i, item in list1:
 print(i, item) #Prints the items of list1 with index!</code></pre>
List comprehensions
List comprehensions is an elegant way to create lists based on existing lists.
list1 = [1, 7, 12, 11, 22]
list2 = [i for item in list1 if item&gt;8]
&nbsp;
<h4 style="text-align: center;">Chapter 12 &ndash; Practice Set</h4>
<ol>
<li>Write a program to open three files 1.txt, 2.txt, and 3.txt. if any of these files are not present, a message without exiting the program must be printed prompting the same.</li>
<li>Write a program to print the third, fifth, and seventh elements from a list using the enumerate function.</li>
<li>Write a list comprehension to print a list that contains the multiplication table of a user-entered number.</li>
<li>Write a program to display a/b where a and b are integers. If b=0, display infinite by handling the ZeroDivisionError.</li>
<li>Store the multiplication tables generated in problem 3 in a file named Tables.txt.</li>
</ol>
&lt;|AD|&gt;
&nbsp;
<h4 style="text-align: center;">Chapter 13 &ndash; Advanced Python 2</h4>
<h5>Virtual Environment</h5>
An environment that is same as the system interpreter but is isolated from the other python environments on the system.
Installation
To use virtual environments, we write
pip install virtualenv &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; #Installs the package
We create a new environment using:
virtualenv myprojectenv&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; #Creates a new venv
The next step after creating the virtual environment is to activate it.
We can now use this virtual environment as a separate python installation.
pip freeze command
pip freeze returns all the packages installed in a given python environment along with the versions.
&ldquo;pip freeze &gt; requirements.txt&rdquo;
The above command creates a file named requirements.txt in the same directory containing the output of pip freeze.
We can distribute this file to other users and they can recreate the same environment using:
pip install &ndash;r requirements.txt
Lambda functions
Functions created using an expression using the lambda keyword
Syntax:
lambda arguments: expressions (can be used as a normal function)
Example:
<pre class="language-python"><code>Square = lambda x: x*x
Square(6)	#returns 36
Sum = lambda a,b,c: a+b+c
Sum(1,2,3)	#returns 6
</code></pre>
bin method(Strings)
Creates a string from iterable objects
<pre class="language-python"><code>l = [&ldquo;apple&rdquo;, &ldquo;mango&rdquo;, &ldquo;banana&rdquo;]
&ldquo;,and,&rdquo;.join(l)</code></pre>
The above line will return &ldquo;apple, and, mango, and, banana&rdquo;
&lt;|AD|&gt;
Format method(Strings)
Formats the values inside the string into the desired output
template.format(p1, p2, &hellip;)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; #p1, p2 &hellip; are the arguments
The syntax for format looks like:
<pre class="language-python"><code>&ldquo;{} is a good {}&rdquo;.format(&ldquo;Harry&rdquo;,&rdquo;boy&rdquo;) &ndash; 1
&ldquo;{1} is a good {0}&rdquo;.format(&ldquo;Harry&rdquo;, &ldquo;boy&rdquo;) &ndash; 2</code></pre>
Output for 1:
Harry is a good boy
Output for 2:
boy is a good Harry
<h5>Map, Filter &amp; Reduce</h5>
Map applies a function to all the items in an input_list.
Syntax:
map(function, input_list) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; #function can be lambda function
Filter creates a list of items for which the function returns true.
list(filter(function))&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; #function can be a lambda function
Reduce applies a rolling computation to sequential pair of elements.
from functools import reduce
val = reduce(function, list1) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; #function can be a lambda function
If the function computes sum of two numbers and the list is [1, 2, 3, 4]
<img src="https://cwh-full-next-space.fra1.digitaloceanspaces.com/videos/python-tutorial-advanced/base64.webp">
&lt;|AD|&gt;
&nbsp;
<h4 style="text-align: center;">Chapter 13 &ndash; Practice Set</h4>
<ol>
<li>Create two virtual environments, install few packages in the first one. How do you create a similar environment in the second one?</li>
<li>Write a program to input name, marks and phone number of a student and format it using the format function like below:</li>
</ol>
&ldquo;The name of the student is Harry, his marks are 72 and the phone number is 99999888&rdquo;
<ol start="3">
<li>A list contains the multiplication table of 7. Write a program to convert it to a vertical string of the same numbers (7,14,&hellip;.)</li>
<li>Write a program to filter a list of numbers that are divisible by 5.</li>
<li>Write a program to find the maximum of the numbers in a list using the reduce function.</li>
<li>Run pip freeze for the system interpreter. Take the contents and create a similar virtualenv.</li>
<li>Explore the flask module and create a web server using flask and Python.</li>
</ol>
<h4>&nbsp;</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">Project 3: Student Library</h4>
Implement a student library system using OOPs where students can borrow a book from the list of books.
Create a separate Library and Student class.
Your program must be menu-driven.
You are free to choose the methods and attributes of your choice to implement this functionality.
&nbsp;