Basics
Basic syntax from the Python programming language
Showing Output To User
The print
function is used to display or print output as follows:
print("Content that you wanna print on screen")
We can display the content present in an object using the print
function as follows:
var1 = "Shruti"
print("Hi my name is: ", var1)
You can also use f-strings for cleaner output formatting:
name = "Shruti"
print(f"Hi my name is: {name}")
Taking Input From the User
The input
function is used to take input as a string from the user:
var1 = input("Enter your name: ")
print("My name is: ", var1)
Typecasting allows us to convert input into other data types:
Integer input:
var1 = int(input("Enter the integer value: "))
print(var1)
Float input:
var1 = float(input("Enter the float value: "))
print(var1)
range
Function
The range
function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from start
, up to but not including stop
, with a default step of 1:
range(start, stop, step)
Example - display all even numbers between 1 to 100:
for i in range(0, 101, 2):
print(i)
Comments
Single Line Comment
# This is a single line comment
Multi-line Comment (Docstring Style)
"""This is a
multi-line
comment"""
Escape Sequences
Common escape sequences:
\n
→ Newline\t
→ Tab space\\
→ Backslash\'
→ Single quote\"
→ Double quote\r
→ Carriage return\b
→ Backspace
Example:
print("Hello\nWorld")
Strings
Creation
variable_name = "String Data"
Indexing & Slicing
str = "Shruti"
print(str[0]) # S
print(str[1:4]) # hru
print(str[::-1]) # reverse string
Useful String Methods
isalnum()
→ Check alphanumericisalpha()
→ Check alphabeticisdigit()
→ Check digitsislower()
,isupper()
→ Check caseisspace()
→ Check for whitespacelower()
,upper()
→ Convert casestrip()
,lstrip()
,rstrip()
→ Remove spacesstartswith()
,endswith()
→ Check prefixes/suffixesreplace(old, new)
→ Replace substringsplit(delimiter)
→ Split stringjoin(iterable)
→ Join elements into string
Example:
name = " Shruti "
print(name.strip())
Lists
Creation
my_list = [1, 2, 3, "hello"]
Operations
my_list.append(5)
my_list.insert(1, "new")
my_list.remove("hello")
item = my_list.pop() # removes last element
my_list.sort()
my_list.reverse()
List Comprehension
squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
Tuples
Immutable, ordered collection:
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
print(my_tuple.count(2))
print(my_tuple.index(3))
Sets
Unordered, unique elements:
my_set = {1, 2, 3}
my_set.add(4)
my_set.remove(2)
my_set.union({5, 6})
Other useful set methods: intersection()
, difference()
, symmetric_difference()
Dictionaries
Key-value pairs:
mydict = {"name": "Shruti", "age": 20}
print(mydict["name"])
mydict["age"] = 21
mydict.update({"city": "Delhi"})
Useful methods: keys()
, values()
, items()
, get()
, pop(key)
, clear()
Indentation
Python uses indentation (usually 4 spaces) to define blocks.
Conditional Statements
if x > 0:
print("Positive")
elif x < 0:
print("Negative")
else:
print("Zero")
Loops
For Loop
for i in range(5):
print(i)
While Loop
i = 0
while i < 5:
print(i)
i += 1
Loop Control
break
→ exits loopcontinue
→ skips iterationpass
→ does nothing (placeholder)
Functions
def greet(name):
return f"Hello {name}"
print(greet("Shruti"))
Supports default arguments, keyword arguments, *args
, and **kwargs
.
File Handling
with open("file.txt", "w") as f:
f.write("Hello")
Modes: r
, w
, a
, r+
, w+
, a+
Read methods: read()
, readline()
, readlines()
Exception Handling
try:
x = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
print("Error:", e)
else:
print("No error")
finally:
print("Always runs")
Object Oriented Programming (OOP)
class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def greet(self):
print(f"Hello, I am {self.name}")
p = Person("Shruti")
p.greet()
Supports inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction.
Useful Built-in Functions
len()
,type()
,id()
,dir()
,help()
sum()
,max()
,min()
,sorted()
enumerate()
,zip()
,map()
,filter()
,any()
,all()
Modules & Imports
import math
print(math.sqrt(16))
from datetime import datetime
print(datetime.now())
Virtual Environments (Best Practice)
python -m venv env
source env/bin/activate # Linux/Mac
env\Scripts\activate # Windows